Modern vehicle repair relies heavily on diagnostic tools to accurately and efficiently identify issues. If you’re in the automotive service industry, understanding the Different Types Of Diagnostic Tools Cars require is crucial. From basic code readers to advanced scan tools, the market offers a range of options tailored to various needs and complexities. This guide will explore these different types of diagnostic tools, helping you navigate the choices and equip your business for success.
Begin with the Basics: Code Readers
For those just starting with automotive diagnostics or looking for a straightforward solution, code readers are an excellent entry point. These tools provide fundamental OBD-II (On-Board Diagnostics II) generic information. According to Michael Flink, National Sales Manager – Commercial at Autel North America, “This means they are limited to engine or PCM information.” Essentially, basic code readers allow technicians to quickly access and clear Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs) related to the powertrain control module and engine. Most also offer a simple definition of the fault code, giving a preliminary understanding of the problem.
Code readers are available in various tiers, each offering increasing levels of capability. The most basic models, priced from $39 to $59, focus solely on reading and clearing codes. Stepping up to the $59 to $79 range, you’ll find code readers that also provide definitions for OBD-II generic codes directly on the device. For more advanced functionality within the code reader category, consider options in the $59 to $119 price range. These enhanced code readers often include features like reading pending codes, freeze frame data (snapshots of vehicle data when a fault occurred), and permanent codes which are more persistent DTCs. Harlan Siegel, Vice President of Diagnostics at Launch Tech USA, notes that while these enhanced features place them in a higher price bracket within the code reader category, they still remain fundamentally code readers.
“We call the code reader tools and OBD-II generic tools triage tools, because what they’re best at is a fast reading of (emission-based) diagnostic trouble codes,” explains Ed Lipscomb, OTC Senior Product Manager, Global Diagnostics.
Code readers excel at providing a quick initial assessment when a vehicle enters the shop with a “check engine” light illuminated. As Lipscomb points out, they help in creating a more informed initial repair order for the customer based on the preliminary diagnostic information gathered.
However, it’s important to recognize the limitations of code readers when tackling complex diagnostic challenges. These tools generally lack advanced features necessary for in-depth analysis.
Lipscomb cautions that typical code readers do not offer a live data stream or bidirectional testing capabilities. He illustrates this with an example: “For example, if you get a code that says that you have a catalyst inefficiency, can you take a look at the data to see to that that’s in fact true or not? Or, is there something else that’s wrong?” Without a data stream, a technician cannot monitor real-time sensor readings to verify the catalyst’s performance or identify other contributing factors.
Interestingly, some manufacturers are now offering code readers with enhanced OBD-II coverage. Flink explains that these are not your typical basic code readers. “There are a few manufacturers who make tools that will read and clear codes in some or all modules beyond OBD-II generic and PCM or engine,” he states. While priced higher than standard code readers, they are still significantly more affordable than full-featured enhanced diagnostic tools. These offer excellent value as supplementary tools for technicians and are particularly useful for body shops and used car dealerships.
Siegel from Launch highlights that when full-feature scan tools were considerably more expensive, code readers were a more prevalent choice for shops. However, with the price of more comprehensive diagnostic tools decreasing, the demand has shifted. The market is seeing less demand for basic entry-level tools and an increasing preference for tools with expanded functionality. “Entry-level products have gone down by the wayside, and people are spending a little bit more money to get more functions,” Siegel observes.
OBD-II Generic Versus Enhanced Scan Tools
The automotive aftermarket primarily utilizes three categories of scan tools: OBD-II generic, OBD-II enhanced, and factory scan tools.
Factory scan tools are OEM-specific, designed and manufactured by the vehicle manufacturer for their particular brand. Each OEM has its proprietary factory scan tool, offering the most in-depth diagnostic and programming capabilities for their vehicles.
However, for many independent repair shops, OBD-II generic and enhanced scan tools provide a more versatile and cost-effective solution. These tools can cover a broader range of makes and models, offering the necessary functionality at a lower price point compared to investing in multiple factory scan tools.
The fundamental difference between OBD-II generic and enhanced scan tools lies in the scope of vehicle systems they can access. Generic scan tools are limited to emissions-related information, as mandated by OBD-II standards.
“Generic OBD-II is limited to PCM or engine data,” clarifies Siegel of Launch. Enhanced scan tools, on the other hand, extend their reach beyond the engine and powertrain to include other vehicle computer modules. “When you get into enhanced (scan tools), you get into things other than engine, such as transmission, ABS, SRS (airbags), HVAC and more. Some of these cars have north of 75 modules.” Modern vehicles can have a vast network of interconnected electronic control units (ECUs) or modules, managing various systems.
Flink from Autel emphasizes the importance of module coverage and bidirectional testing. “The more modules and bidirectional testing a tool offers the more successful a tech will be in using it to repair vehicles,” he states. Access to a wider range of modules allows technicians to diagnose issues in systems like braking (ABS), airbag (SRS), transmission, climate control (HVAC), and body control systems, going beyond just engine-related problems.
OBD-II enhanced scan tools typically incorporate all the functionalities of a generic OBD-II tool, while adding the crucial capability to access OEM-specific information and systems.
Lipscomb from OTC explains that while technicians may still need generic OBD-II data in certain situations, access to OEM-enhanced information is often essential for comprehensive diagnostics and repairs.
“The largest difference as far as the data that you get, is that the OEM enhanced will include bidirectional tests that the OBDII generic will not,” Lipscomb highlights.
Bidirectional testing is a key advantage of OEM-enhanced scan tools, enabling technicians to perform two types of actions: actuator tests and adjustments.
Bidirectional actuator tests allow technicians to use the scan tool to command specific components to activate. This could involve functions like turning headlights on and off, activating the horn, or cycling relays and solenoids. This capability is invaluable for verifying component functionality and diagnosing circuit issues.
Bidirectional adjustments, also known as coding or programming, allow technicians to modify vehicle system parameters. According to Lipscomb, these adjustments “will be different when you disconnect the tool, than when you connected it. You are actually making an adjustment to the car.” Examples include resetting learned values after replacing components, calibrating sensors, or configuring new modules to the vehicle’s network.
Another advanced function found in some enhanced scan tools is reprogramming, often referred to as J2534 reflashing.
“When you put a new component in, it has to be relearned, and that’s a factory-enhanced function,” explains Siegel. Many modern vehicle components, particularly electronic modules, require programming or calibration after replacement to function correctly with the vehicle’s systems.
“J2534 programming is an SAE standard that permits the automotive aftermarket to reprogram a vehicle’s computer if the drivability or the problem with the vehicle that you’re trying to fix is specific to the calibration or to the computer program. The only way to fix something if the program goes bad, is to reprogram it,” explains Lipscomb. “It’s a standard that allows the aftermarket to take OEM computer files, and replace the files on a vehicle’s computer, if that file is defective.” The J2534 standard allows aftermarket scan tools to interface with OEM websites and download software updates or calibrations to reprogram vehicle ECUs, ensuring repairs can be completed effectively, even when software issues are the root cause.
Heavy Duty Scan Tools
Shops that service heavy-duty vehicles require specialized diagnostic tools designed for the unique systems found in trucks, buses, and other commercial vehicles. These different types of diagnostic tools cars and heavy vehicles need are distinctly different.
Matt Stein, representing heavy-duty diagnostics at OTC, emphasizes the different approach needed for diagnosing these vehicles. “Customers are able to choose the chassis, engine, transmission and brake systems. Heavy duty scan tools need to cover this different set of vehicle systems that automotive tools do not.” Heavy-duty vehicles often utilize components and systems from different manufacturers, requiring broader coverage beyond a single vehicle make.
“The heavy duty standard and the protocols or language those vehicles use is completely different than OBD-II and light duty. The features are similar though, often with different names,” clarifies Flink from Autel. Heavy-duty vehicles operate on different communication protocols and diagnostic standards compared to passenger cars and light-duty trucks. When selecting a heavy-duty scan tool, Flink advises: “Look for heavy duty tools that list various manufacturers of systems in their coverage. Unlike light duty, these vehicles are not done by year, make and model, but by the manufacturer of the engine, transmission or brake system, etc.” Coverage is often specified by the engine manufacturer (e.g., Cummins, Detroit Diesel), transmission manufacturer (e.g., Allison, Eaton), and brake system manufacturer (e.g., Bendix, Wabco), rather than the vehicle make and model itself.
Flink also points out potential confusion with medium-duty vehicles (Classes 4 through 6). These vehicles may incorporate both OBD-II protocols (common in light-duty vehicles) and heavy-duty protocols, depending on the specific vehicle and its components.
“A shop working on a variety of medium duty vehicles should be prepared to have both a strong OBD-II tool and a strong heavy duty tool,” Flink recommends. This ensures comprehensive diagnostic capability for the diverse range of vehicles they might encounter.
Questions to Ask Customers
When distributors are assisting customers in selecting the right diagnostic tools, asking targeted questions can streamline the process and ensure the chosen tool meets their specific needs. These questions range from broad requirements to more detailed preferences:
- Are you replacing a current tool, or are you looking to buy a brand new tool? Understanding if it’s a replacement or a first-time purchase helps gauge the customer’s existing diagnostic capabilities and needs.
- Do you want an OBD-II generic, and OBD-II enhanced or a factory scan tool? This clarifies the level of functionality required, from basic code reading to advanced system diagnostics and OEM-specific capabilities.
- If you already own a scan tool, are you looking for the same functionality? What would you like to be able to do with your scan tool that you can’t do now? This helps identify any limitations with their current tool and desired improvements in a new purchase.
- Do you want domestic, Asian and European coverage? Do you have to turn away or avoid any makes of car or types of repair? Understanding the vehicle makes and models they service is crucial for ensuring the tool provides adequate coverage.
- Are there any additional personalized features required on the tool? This opens the door to discussing features like internet access, wireless connectivity, OBD-I support, J2534 reprogramming, touchscreen, and screen size, catering to individual preferences and workflow needs.
Lipscomb from OTC emphasizes the increasing personalization as you progress down this list of questions. The later questions delve into specific features and preferences that tailor the tool selection to the individual user.
Personal preferences can significantly impact tool usability and efficiency. Internet access, for instance, provides numerous advantages, including on-tool access to repair information systems like Mitchell 1 or Identifix, general web browsing for troubleshooting, and seamless software updates without needing a separate computer.
Siegel from Launch emphasizes the critical role of internet access in modern diagnostics. “When the technician gets a code from the vehicle, or there’s data that he doesn’t understand, he needs to take the next step as to what it’s going to take to fix that car.” Instant access to online resources directly on the scan tool streamlines the diagnostic process and reduces downtime.
Flink from Autel highlights the productivity benefits of multitasking capabilities. “If the tool also can multi-task so (the user) can switch from vehicle communication to Internet and back quickly, productivity is increased even more,” he notes. The ability to switch between diagnostic functions, internet browsing, and other applications without interruption enhances workflow efficiency.
When selling to shop owners versus technicians, consider their differing priorities.
“Both the technician and the owner need and want the same kind of functionality,” says Lipscomb. “At the end of the day, what they want is a scan tool to fix a car and to cover the makes and models that they see in their business every day.” Both groups prioritize tool functionality and vehicle coverage to effectively repair vehicles.
However, technicians often lean towards lower price points, greater customization, and personalized features. Shop owners, on the other hand, tend to focus more on ease of use and ruggedness, as the tool will likely be used by multiple technicians in the shop environment.
Flink offers a valuable sales strategy: “Remember there is nothing wrong with selling a tool to a shop as a gap filler or second tool. It is still a sale and does fill a need to help the shop. If the tool is strong enough, it may become their primary tool and you’ve scored a double win,” he suggests. Positioning a tool as a supplementary option or a specialized tool for certain tasks can open sales opportunities and potentially lead to it becoming the shop’s primary diagnostic tool over time.
Some Popular Functions
Certain functions are highly sought after in today’s diagnostic tools, reflecting the evolving needs of automotive repair professionals. These commonly desired features include:
- Broad vehicle coverage for 1996 and newer vehicles: Covering the OBD-II compliant vehicle era is fundamental.
- Domestic, Asian and European vehicle coverage: Providing support for a wide range of makes and models is essential for most shops.
- Full Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs): Access to comprehensive DTC information beyond basic codes.
- Data stream and bidirectional testing: Essential for in-depth diagnostics and component verification.
Flink from Autel lists specific functionalities that are increasingly in demand:
- Immobilizer, SKIM, SKREEM, PATS or security functions: Systems related to vehicle security and key programming are becoming more complex and require diagnostic tool access.
- Key and key fob programming and coding: Key replacement and programming are common services, requiring specialized tool functions.
- Function tests or resets in modules beyond PCM, ABS and Body: Access to a broader range of module functions for thorough diagnostics and repairs.
- Coding or programming within modules: Capabilities for module configuration and software updates are increasingly necessary for modern vehicle systems.
“More and more shops are looking for more complete coverage, more module and more functions or tests and activations in those modules,” observes Flink. “Today’s vehicles often have 15 to 25 modules or more. A shop needs access to all of these as the vehicle is a network and they intercommunicate. Missing some of these modules can limit a shops ability to finish a repair.” The increasing complexity of vehicle electronics and the interconnected nature of vehicle systems necessitate diagnostic tools with comprehensive module coverage and advanced functions.
Siegel from Launch concurs on the importance of full coverage: “In order to get into the bay and fix the car, shops today without a doubt need a scan tool that includes full coverage, which means all makes, all models and all modules.” He also suggests considering the value of basic code readers for service writers or tow truck operators for initial vehicle assessments, complementing the shop’s primary full-coverage scan tool.
Operating Systems
Similar to computers and smartphones, modern scan tools rely on operating systems to run their diagnostic software and applications. Currently, Windows and Android are the dominant operating systems in the scan tool market.
Android has gained significant traction in aftermarket scan tools.
“With Android, it’s faster, it’s more universal and it’s the fastest growing operating system globally,” says Lipscomb from OTC, citing speed, widespread adoption, and a large developer ecosystem as advantages.
“Windows as a system uses more background resources. This will tend to slow down a tool and limits it multi-tasking abilities. Android is generally much quicker and better at multi-tasking,” explains Flink from Autel, highlighting Android’s efficiency and superior multitasking capabilities.
Multitasking enables technicians to run multiple applications simultaneously, such as diagnostic software, repair information databases, and communication apps, improving workflow and productivity.
An Android operating system also provides an open platform for tool manufacturers. This allows scan tool companies to directly develop and deploy apps and programs for their Android-based devices, fostering innovation and customization.
However, Flink cautions about potential drawbacks of an open platform. “Often Windows, Apple or Android do a system update and many apps are unable to work within it afterwards. This may include the scan or diagnostic software in the tool,” he warns. “Some apps may cause conflicts with the wireless communication to the vehicles these tools offer. Exercise caution in how a tool allows updates from the operating system versus the tool manufacturer.” Operating system updates can sometimes introduce compatibility issues with diagnostic software or interfere with tool functionality. It’s crucial to consider how a scan tool handles operating system updates and software updates from the tool manufacturer to ensure ongoing stability and compatibility.
Manufacturers also point out that Windows-based devices often involve royalty fees, which can contribute to a higher device cost.
“With Windows, however, at least at this moment although it can change, the automotive OEMs operate in a Windows environment. Meaning, their scan tool (applications) are based off of Windows. The J2534 reprogramming regulation is based off of Windows standards,” explains Lipscomb. Windows has historical ties to the automotive OEM world, with many OEM diagnostic and reprogramming applications initially developed for Windows environments.
“Windows, depending on version, does allow better access to vehicle manufacturer websites since many only work with Windows XP or 7,” adds Flink. Compatibility with older OEM websites, which may still rely on older Windows versions, can be a factor for accessing certain OEM resources.
Finally, product support is a critical consideration regardless of the operating system.
“Who can the customer call when they have questions or need service or repair?” asks Siegel. While distributors can provide initial support, understanding the level of support offered by the diagnostic tool manufacturer is essential. Reliable technical support, training resources, and warranty coverage are crucial factors to consider when choosing a diagnostic tool.
By understanding the different types of diagnostic tools cars require and their respective capabilities, automotive professionals can make informed decisions, invest wisely, and enhance their diagnostic efficiency and repair capabilities.
